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It supports the functions found on a processor bus but in a standardized format that is independent of any particular processor. The PCI bus is a good example of a system bus. A typical Pentium computer has both a PCI bus and an ISA bus, thus providing the user with a wide range of devices to choose from. A given computer may use more than one bus standard. The Ethernet is a widely used local area network, providing a high-speed connection among computers in a building or a university campus. It also shows a connection to an Ethernet. The figure shows an interface circuit that enables devices compatible with the earlier ISA standard, such as the popular IDE (Integrated Device Electronics) disk, to be connected. SOLUTIONS FOR COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE SERIALThe USB bus uses serial transmission to suit the needs of equipment ranging from keyboards to game controls to internet connections. The SCSI bus is a high-speed parallel bus intended for devices such as disks and video displays. SCSI and USB are used for connecting additional devices, both inside and outside the computer box. The PCI standard defines an expansion bus on the motherboard. The way these standards are used in a typical computer system is illustrated in Figure 5.28. There are three widely used bus standards, PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect), SCSI (Small Computer System Interface), and USB (Universal Serial Bus). ![]() In some cases, organizations such as the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), ANSI (American Nationa1 Standards Institute), or international bodies such as ISO (International Standards Organization) have blessed these standards and given them an official status. Some standards have been developed through industrial cooperative efforts, even among competing companies driven by their common self-interest in having compatible products. The popularity of that computer led to other manufacturers producing ISA -compatible interfaces for their 110 devices, thus making ISA into a de facto standard. IBM developed a they called ISA (Industry Standard Architecture) for their personal computer known at the time as PC AT. Introduction: A number of standards have been developed for I/O Interface. SOLUTIONS FOR COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE SOFTWAREApplication Example:Valve Game Software.Operating System Design Issues in Clustering.Multithreading and Clip Multiprocessing.Software and hardware Solutions for cache Coherence.Multiprocessor Operating System Design Considerations. ![]()
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